Browsing by Author "Cochrane D"
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- ItemAcute Whole-Body Vibration Exercise Promotes Favorable Handgrip Neuromuscular Modifications in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Over Randomized Clinical(Hindawi Limited, 2021-12-02) Coelho-Oliveira AC; Lacerda ACR; de Souza ALC; Santos LMDM; da Fonseca SF; dos Santos JM; Ribeiro VGC; Leite HR; Figueiredo PHS; Fernandes JSC; Martins F; Filho RGT; Bernardo-Filho M; da Cunha de Sá-Caputo D; Sartorio A; Cochrane D; Lima VP; Costa HS; Mendonça VA; Taiar R; Song COBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes progressive changes in the musculoskeletal system compromising neuromuscular control especially in the hands. Whole-body vibration (WBV) could be an alternative for the rehabilitation in this population. This study investigated the immediate effect of WBV while in the modified push-up position on neural ratio (NR) in a single session during handgrip strength (HS) in women with stable RA. METHODS: Twenty-one women with RA (diagnosis of disease: ±8 years, erythrocyte sedimentation rate: ±24.8, age: 54± 11 years, BMI: 28 ± 4 kg·m-2) received three experimental interventions for five minutes in a randomized and balanced cross-over order: (1) control-seated with hands at rest, (2) sham-push-up position with hands on the vibration platform that remained disconnected, and (3) vibration-push-up position with hands on the vibration platform turned on (45 Hz, 2 mm, 159.73 m·s-2). At the baseline and immediately after the three experimental interventions, the HS, the electromyographic records (EMGrms), and range of motion (ROM) of the dominant hand were measured. The NR, i.e., the ratio between EMGrms of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle and HS, was also determined. The lower NR represented the greater neuromuscular efficiency (NE). RESULTS: The NR was similar at baseline in the three experimental interventions. Despite the nonsignificance of within-interventions (p = 0.0611) and interaction effect (p = 0.1907), WBV exercise reduced the NR compared with the sham and control (p = 0.0003, F = 8.86, η 2 = 0.85, power = 1.00). CONCLUSION: Acute WBV exercise under the hands promotes neuromuscular modifications during the handgrip of women with stable RA. Thus, acute WBV exercise may be used as a preparatory exercise for the rehabilitation of the hands in this population. This trial is registered with trial registration 2.544.850 (ReBEC-RBR-2n932c).
- ItemInvestigating scapula positioning in individuals with non-specific lower back pain: A preliminary study(Elsevier B.V., 2024-04) Cochrane D; Leyten CIntroduction: Low back pain (LBP) is an economic and physically disabling burden on individuals and society. With 70% of cases classed as non-specific, there is a need for further research into the causes and consequences associated. The involvement of postural balance in musculoskeletal conditions is gaining increasing interest in research and health practice. However, there is a lack of literature surrounding LBP and posture in distal segments of the body. Objective: The current study investigated scapula positioning in those with non-specific LBP. Methods: Scapula angle of rotation, scapula protraction, and scapula elevation were assessed in nine participants with chronic non-specific LBP and compared with that of nine asymptomatic controls (aged 18–60 years). The degree of pelvic tilt was assessed across both groups as a secondary outcome measure. Results: No difference was identified between the two sample groups for scapula angle of rotation (p = 0.707), protraction (p = 0.755), or elevation (p = 0.691). Anterior pelvic tilt was greater in those with LBP (p = 0.046), supporting previous literature. Conclusion: The findings for the scapula position are novel, given that research in this field is limited. It is concluded that there is no change in scapula positioning in those with non-specific LBP, but there is an increased anterior pelvic tilt.
- ItemJockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2020-09-10) Legg K; Cochrane D; Gee E; Rogers CProfessional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the career lengths and reasons for loss from the industry of 674 jockeys and apprentices who rode over 14 racing seasons and 421,596 race day starts in New Zealand. Descriptors were compared between jockeys in short (1–2 years), middle (3–9 years) and long (>10 years) career cohorts with descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The median career length for jockeys was 2 years (IQR 1–6). Long career cohort jockeys (11%) had lower carried weights (IQR 56–57 kg, p = 0.03), 40 times the median number of rides per season (248, IQR 61–434, p < 0.001), half the rate per 1000 rides of falling (1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2, p = 0.009) and 1.3 times the rate of winning (100, 95% CI 99–101, p < 0.01) than jockeys in the short career cohort. Jockeys who rode over 200 races per season had careers three times longer than jockeys with fewer races per season (p < 0.001). Half of the 40% of jockeys who failed to complete their apprenticeship were lost from the industry in their first year of race riding. In conclusion, most jockeys had short careers where the workload of a jockey and their ability to obtain rides had greater impact on career longevity than their performance.
- ItemPhysiological Demands and Muscle Activity of Jockeys in Trial and Race Riding.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-09) Legg K; Cochrane D; Gee E; Macdermid P; Rogers CPhysiological parameters and muscle activity of jockeys may affect their fall and injury risk, performance, and career longevity, as well as the performance and welfare of the horses they ride. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the physiological demands, body displacement, and electromyographic (EMG) activity of twelve jockeys riding 52 trials and 16 professional races. The jockeys were instrumented with heart rate (HR) monitors, accelerometers, and integrated EMG clothing (recording eight muscle groups: quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteal, erector spinae/lower back, abdominal external obliques, abdominal, trapezial and pectoral) which recorded continuously whilst riding. During race day, jockeys rode an average of 5 ± 4 trials and 4 ± 2 races over 2–2.5 h. The trials represented lower intensity cardiovascular demand (~81% HRmax) and Training Impulse (TRIMP) scores (4.4 ± 1.8) than races at maximal intensity effort (~94% HRmax, 7.2 ± 1.8 TRIMP, p < 0.05). Jockey head displacement was similar in trials (5.4 ± 2.1 cm) and races (5.6 ± 2.2 cm, p > 0.05), with more vertical (6.7 ± 2.7 cm) and less medio/lateral (2.3 ± 0.7 cm) and fore/aft (3.7 ± 1.6 cm) displacement for jockeys riding in trials than races (5.5 ± 2.3, 2.8 ± 1.0, 5.6 ± 2.5 cm, p < 0.05). Jockeys in races adopted a lower crouched posture, with their centre of mass (COM) shifted anteriorly, using greater hamstring activation and less upper arm muscle activation than in trials. The differences in riding posture and physiological demands on jockeys riding in a race rather than a trial, highlight the requirement for an off-horse race-specific training programme to improve jockey fitness and performance. Greater jockey stability and coordination will have mutual benefits for both horse welfare and performance.
- ItemShort-term effects of lumbopelvic complex stability training in elite female road cyclists(Hylonome Publications on behalf of the International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions and the Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation, 2022-03-01) San Emeterio C; Cochrane D; Guillén-Rogel P; Marín PJ; Lyritis GOBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term lumbopelvic stability training on muscular endurance and stability in elite female cyclists. METHODS: Twenty-four female road cyclists were randomly allocated to a core training group (CTG, n=12) or control group (CG, n=12). In addition to their scheduled training the CTG performed a core training program, that consisted of 6 core exercises performed in a session every other day until a total of 8 training sessions were completed. The CG did not receive the core training program and completed their scheduled training. The lumbopelvic-hip complex was assessed pre- and post-core program included the following exercises: single leg deadlift (SLD), bird-dog (BD), plank test (PT), and side-bridge plank test (SPT). RESULTS: In comparison to CG, CTG significantly improved the time to failure in PT, SPT-Left, and SPT-Right (p<0.05). Further, CTG resulted in a significant decrease in SLD (p<0.05) compared to CG for the three accelerometry measures. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that following 8 sessions of lumbopelvic stability training muscular endurance and core stability were enhanced.
- ItemThe external workload of thoroughbred horse racing jockeys(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2020-09-14) Legg K; Cochrane D; Gee E; Rogers CThe objectives of this study were to quantify the external workload of thoroughbred racing jockeys in relation to their experience and racing performance. The number of rides of 786 jockeys and apprentices who rode in 407,948 flat and 13,648 jumps racing starts over 14 seasons were examined. Jockey work (ride numbers, seasons riding) and performance characteristics (race falls or wins) between cohorts with low (1-10), middle (10-200) and high (>200) numbers of rides per season were compared. Flat racing apprentices had more rides per season (25, interquartile range [IQR] 7-97 vs. 14, IQR 3-222, p < 0.001) but fewer rides per race day (2, IQR 1-4 vs. 4, IQR 2-6, p < 0.001) than flat racing jockeys. Flat racing jockeys in the high workload cohort (23%) were responsible for 83% of the race-day rides, riding in a median of 375 (IQR 283-520) races per season. These jockeys had half the fall rate (Incidence rate [IR] 1.0, 95% CI 0.9-1.1) and 1.4 times the success rates per 1000 rides (IR 98, 95% CI 97-99) than jockeys in the low and middle workload cohorts (p < 0.05). Most jockeys had light workloads, greater risk of injury and lower winning rates than the smaller cohort of jockeys with heavier workloads. This disparity in opportunity and success between cohorts indicates inefficiencies within the industry in recruitment and retention of jockeys. These data provide a foundation to further studies investigating jockey competition-specific fitness and its effect on both riding success and reducing injury risk.
- ItemThe Validity and Reliability of a Global Navigation Satellite System in Canoe Slalom(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-01-21) Macdermid PW; Coppelmans A; Cochrane D; Keogh JThis study investigates the usefulness of a 10 Hz GPS device for tracking scalar performance in canoe slalom through assessing the validity of automated-informed-aerial video tracking (30 fps and 10 fps) and GPS capability in relation to a known track. Additionally, a real-world (canoe-slalom). A comparison between manual-aerial video tracking (10 fps) and the 10 Hz GPS was performed. All three methods of tracking used during the dry-land test (30 fps or 10 fps video and GPS) reported significantly lower distances (−3.2, −5.1 and −8.5%, p < 0.0001) but were deemed useful based on sample rate and body positioning difference. Intra-method reliability was good (CV = 2.5−2.6%) but requires visual inspection for dataset errors. Informed-colour filtered automated tracking on-water was not possible, but manual tracking provided fewer dataset errors than dry-land automated tracking. GPS significantly (p < 0.0001) under reports distance travelled at key moments during real-world slalom with a bias ± SD of 2.26 ± 2.07 m compared to 10 fps manual-aerial video tracking. The aerial video combined with manual tracking proved most suitable for tracking canoe slalom athlete trajectory in a real-world setting but needs to be automated into an application-based package to make it useable for coaches. GPS, as presented, provides insight but does not accurately quantify movements critical in determining the performance of canoe slalom.
