The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents

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dc.citation.volumeOnline First
dc.contributor.authorCharzyńska E
dc.contributor.authorBuźniak A
dc.contributor.authorCzerwiński SK
dc.contributor.authorWoropay-Hordziejewicz N
dc.contributor.authorSchneider Z
dc.contributor.authorAavik T
dc.contributor.authorAdamowic M
dc.contributor.authorAdams BG
dc.contributor.authorAl-Mahjoob SM
dc.contributor.authorAlmoshawah SAS
dc.contributor.authorArrowsmith J
dc.contributor.authorAsatsa S
dc.contributor.authorAustin S
dc.contributor.authorAziz S
dc.contributor.authorBakker AB
dc.contributor.authorBalducci C
dc.contributor.authorBarros E
dc.contributor.authorBălțătescu S
dc.contributor.authorBdier D
dc.contributor.authorBhatia N
dc.contributor.authorBilic S
dc.contributor.authorBoer D
dc.contributor.authorCaspi A
dc.contributor.authorChaleeraktrakoon T
dc.contributor.authorChan CIM
dc.contributor.authorChien C-J
dc.contributor.authorChoi H-S
dc.contributor.authorChoubisa R
dc.contributor.authorClark M
dc.contributor.authorČekrlija Đ
dc.contributor.authorDemetrovics Z
dc.contributor.authorDervishi E
dc.contributor.authorde Zoysa P
dc.contributor.authorDomínguez Espinosa ADC
dc.contributor.authorDragova-Koleva S
dc.contributor.authorEfstathiou V
dc.contributor.authorFernandez ME
dc.contributor.authorFernet C
dc.contributor.authorGadelrab HF
dc.contributor.authorGamsakhurdia V
dc.contributor.authorGarðarsdóttir RB
dc.contributor.authorGarrido LE
dc.contributor.authorGillet N
dc.contributor.authorGonçalves SP
dc.contributor.authorGriffiths MD
dc.contributor.authorHakobyan NR
dc.contributor.authorHalim FW
dc.contributor.authorHansenne M
dc.contributor.authorHasan BB
dc.contributor.authorHerttalampi M
dc.contributor.authorHlatywayo CK
dc.contributor.authorHromatko I
dc.contributor.authorIgou ER
dc.contributor.authorIliško D
dc.contributor.authorIsayeva U
dc.contributor.authorIsmail HN
dc.contributor.authorJensen DH
dc.contributor.authorKakupa P
dc.contributor.authorKamble S
dc.contributor.authorKerriche A
dc.contributor.authorKubicek B
dc.contributor.authorKugbey N
dc.contributor.authorKun B
dc.contributor.authorLee JH
dc.contributor.authorLisá E
dc.contributor.authorLisun Y
dc.contributor.authorLupano Perugini ML
dc.contributor.authorMarcatto F
dc.contributor.authorMaslovarić B
dc.contributor.authorMassoudi K
dc.contributor.authorMcFarlane TA
dc.contributor.authorMgaiwa SJ
dc.contributor.authorMoosavi Jahanabad ST
dc.contributor.authorMoreta-Herrera R
dc.contributor.authorNguyen HTM
dc.contributor.authorOhtsubo Y
dc.contributor.authorÖzsoy T
dc.contributor.authorØvergård KI
dc.contributor.authorPallesen S
dc.contributor.authorParker J
dc.contributor.authorPlohl N
dc.contributor.authorPontes HM
dc.contributor.authorPotter R
dc.contributor.authorRoe A
dc.contributor.authorSamekin A
dc.contributor.authorSchulmeyer MK
dc.contributor.authorSeisembekov TZ
dc.contributor.authorSerrano-Fernández MJ
dc.contributor.authorShahrour G
dc.contributor.authorSladojević Matić J
dc.contributor.authorSobhie R
dc.contributor.authorSpagnoli P
dc.contributor.authorStory J
dc.contributor.authorSullman MJM
dc.contributor.authorSultanova L
dc.contributor.authorSun R
dc.contributor.authorSuryani AO
dc.contributor.authorSussman S
dc.contributor.authorTeng-Calleja M
dc.contributor.authorTorales J
dc.contributor.authorVera Cruz G
dc.contributor.authorWu AMS
dc.contributor.authorYang X
dc.contributor.authorZabrodska K
dc.contributor.authorZiedelis A
dc.contributor.authorAtroszko PA
dc.coverage.spatialHungary
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-18T21:49:55Z
dc.date.available2025-03-18T21:49:55Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-25
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite the last decade's significant development in the scientific study of work addiction/workaholism, this area of research is still facing a fundamental challenge, namely the need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that shows cross-cultural invariance and, as such, allows for worldwide studies on this phenomenon. METHODS: An initial 16-item questionnaire, developed within an addiction framework, was administered alongside job stress, job satisfaction, and self-esteem measures in a total sample of 31,352 employees from six continents and 85 cultures (63.5% females, mean age of 39.24 years). RESULTS: Based on theoretical premises and psychometric testing, the International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS) was developed as a short measure representing essential features of work addiction. The seven-item version (IWAS-7), covering all seven components of work addiction, showed partial scalar invariance across 81 cultures, while the five-item version (IWAS-5) showed it across all 85 cultures. Higher levels of work addiction on both versions were associated with higher job stress, lower job satisfaction, and lower self-esteem across cultures. The optimal cut-offs for the IWAS-7 (24 points) and IWAS-5 (18 points) were established with an overall accuracy of 96% for both versions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The IWAS is a valid, reliable, and short screening scale that can be used in different cultures and languages, providing comparative and generalizable results. The scale can be used globally in clinical and organizational settings, with the IWAS-5 being recommended for most practical and clinical situations. This is the first study to provide data supporting the hypothesis that work addiction is a universal phenomenon worldwide.
dc.description.confidentialfalse
dc.identifier.author-urlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39998574
dc.identifier.citationCharzyńska E, Buźniak A, Czerwiński SK, Woropay-Hordziejewicz N, Schneider Z, Aavik T, Adamowic M, Adams BG, Al-Mahjoob SM, Almoshawah SAS, Arrowsmith J, Asatsa S, Austin S, Aziz S, Bakker AB, Balducci C, Barros E, Bălțătescu S, Bdier D, Bhatia N, Bilic S, Boer D, Caspi A, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chan CIM, Chien C-J, Choi H-S, Choubisa R, Clark M, Čekrlija Đ, Demetrovics Z, Dervishi E, de Zoysa P, Domínguez Espinosa ADC, Dragova-Koleva S, Efstathiou V, Fernandez ME, Fernet C, Gadelrab HF, Gamsakhurdia V, Garðarsdóttir RB, Garrido LE, Gillet N, Gonçalves SP, Griffiths MD, Hakobyan NR, Halim FW, Hansenne M, Hasan BB, Herttalampi M, Hlatywayo CK, Hromatko I, Igou ER, Iliško D, Isayeva U, Ismail HN, Jensen DH, Kakupa P, Kamble S, Kerriche A, Kubicek B, Kugbey N, Kun B, Lee JH, Lisá E, Lisun Y, Lupano Perugini ML, Marcatto F, Maslovarić B, Massoudi K, McFarlane TA, Mgaiwa SJ, Moosavi Jahanabad ST, Moreta-Herrera R, Nguyen HTM, Ohtsubo Y, Özsoy T, Øvergård KI, Pallesen S, Parker J, Plohl N, Pontes HM, Potter R, Roe A, Samekin A, Schulmeyer MK, Seisembekov TZ, Serrano-Fernández MJ, Shahrour G, Matić JS, Sobhie R, Spagnoli P, Story J, Sullman MJM, Sultanova L, Sun R, Suryani AO, Sussman S, Teng-Calleja M, Torales J, Vera Cruz G, Wu AMS, Yang X, Zabrodska K, Ziedelis A, Atroszko PA. (2025). The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents.. J Behav Addict. Online First.
dc.identifier.doi10.1556/2006.2025.00005
dc.identifier.eissn2063-5303
dc.identifier.elements-typejournal-article
dc.identifier.issn2062-5871
dc.identifier.urihttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/72665
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherAkadémiai Kiadó
dc.publisher.urihttps://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/aop/article-10.1556-2006.2025.00005/article-10.1556-2006.2025.00005.xml
dc.relation.isPartOfJ Behav Addict
dc.rights(c) 2025 The Author/s
dc.rightsCC BY-NC 4.0
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectBergen Work Addiction Scale
dc.subjectcompulsive overworking
dc.subjectcross-cultural
dc.subjectvalidation study
dc.subjectwork addiction
dc.subjectworkaholism
dc.titleThe International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.elements-id499953
pubs.organisational-groupOther
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