Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems

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dc.citation.issue18
dc.citation.volume24
dc.contributor.authorRanasinghe V
dc.contributor.authorUdara N
dc.contributor.authorMathotaarachchi M
dc.contributor.authorThenuwara T
dc.contributor.authorDias D
dc.contributor.authorPrasanna R
dc.contributor.authorEdirisinghe S
dc.contributor.authorGayan S
dc.contributor.authorHolden C
dc.contributor.authorPunchihewa A
dc.contributor.authorStephens M
dc.contributor.authorDrummond P
dc.contributor.editorGalmés S
dc.contributor.editorAtakan B
dc.coverage.spatialSwitzerland
dc.date.accessioned2024-11-01T01:41:01Z
dc.date.available2024-11-01T01:41:01Z
dc.date.issued2024-09-13
dc.description.abstractWe introduce a novel LoRa-based multi-hop communication architecture as an alternative to the public internet for earthquake early warning (EEW). We examine its effectiveness in generating a meaningful warning window for the New Zealand-based decentralised EEW sensor network implemented by the CRISiSLab operating with the adapted Propagation of Local Undamped Motion (PLUM)-based earthquake detection and node-level data processing. LoRa, popular for low-power, long-range applications, has the disadvantage of long transmission time for time-critical tasks like EEW. Our network overcomes this limitation by broadcasting EEWs via multiple short hops with a low spreading factor (SF). The network includes end nodes that generate warnings and relay nodes that broadcast them. Benchmarking with simulations against CRISiSLab's EEW system performance with internet connectivity shows that an SF of 8 can disseminate warnings across all the sensors in a 30 km urban area within 2.4 s. This approach is also resilient, with the availability of multiple routes for a message to travel. Our LoRa-based system achieves a 1-6 s warning window, slightly behind the 1.5-6.75 s of the internet-based performance of CRISiSLab's system. Nevertheless, our novel network is effective for timely mental preparation, simple protective actions, and automation. Experiments with Lilygo LoRa32 prototype devices are presented as a practical demonstration.
dc.description.confidentialfalse
dc.edition.edition2024
dc.format.pagination5960-
dc.identifier.author-urlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39338706
dc.identifier.citationRanasinghe V, Udara N, Mathotaarachchi M, Thenuwara T, Dias D, Prasanna R, Edirisinghe S, Gayan S, Holden C, Punchihewa A, Stephens M, Drummond P. (2024). Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems.. Sensors (Basel). 24. 18. (pp. 5960-).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/s24185960
dc.identifier.eissn1424-8220
dc.identifier.elements-typejournal-article
dc.identifier.issn1424-8220
dc.identifier.number5960
dc.identifier.piis24185960
dc.identifier.urihttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/71890
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherMDPI (Basel, Switzerland)
dc.publisher.urihttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5960
dc.relation.isPartOfSensors (Basel)
dc.rights(c) 2024 The Author/s
dc.rightsCC BY 4.0
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectEEW
dc.subjectFLoRa
dc.subjectLoRa
dc.subjectPLUM
dc.subjectbroadcast
dc.subjectdelay
dc.subjectearthquake
dc.subjectmulti-hop
dc.titleRapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.elements-id491810
pubs.organisational-groupOther
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