Ultrasonographic features of the regressing yolk sac of normal captive Brown kiwi chicks (Apteryx mantelli) vary with age.

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dc.citation.issue5
dc.citation.volume64
dc.contributor.authorShort E
dc.contributor.authorOwen M
dc.contributor.authorVallee E
dc.contributor.authorBolwell C
dc.contributor.authorMorgan KJ
dc.coverage.spatialEngland
dc.date.accessioned2024-08-15T00:35:41Z
dc.date.available2024-08-15T00:35:41Z
dc.date.issued2023-09-01
dc.description.abstractBrown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) are a culturally significant ratite species endemic to New Zealand. Chicks can develop diseases of the yolk sac which can be fatal if not promptly recognized and treated. Ultrasound examination of the yolk sac is an important component in the evaluation of chicks with suspected yolk sac disease. However, there are currently no reports of the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the regressing yolk sac in this species. The objective of this prospective reference interval study was to describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the yolk sac in brown kiwi chicks. Focused coelomic sonographic examinations were performed on 29 healthy chicks from >1 day of age until the yolk sac was completely absorbed or was <1 mL in volume. 41.6% (57/137) of yolks were round/ovoid in shape and 58.6% (80/137) had lobulated margins with invaginations. All yolks (137/137) were hyperechoic relative to adjacent coelomic structures. The heterogeneity of the echogenicity of the yolk was significantly associated with age (increased heterogeneity in younger birds) and was homogeneous, mildly heterogeneous, and moderately heterogeneous in 33% (46/138), 46% (63/138), and 21% (29/138) of all examinations respectively. Intrasac anechoic pockets were seen in 14% (20/139) of yolk sacs. The rate of yolk sac resorption slowed with age. In all examinations identifying a completely absorbed yolk sac or a yolk sac <1 mL in volume, chicks were less than 21 days old. The results of this study provide a reference of normal for the sonographic appearance of the yolk sac in captive brown kiwi chicks.
dc.description.confidentialfalse
dc.edition.editionSeptember 2023
dc.format.pagination945-956
dc.identifier.author-urlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37614191
dc.identifier.citationShort E, Owen M, Vallee E, Bolwell C, Morgan KJ. (2023). Ultrasonographic features of the regressing yolk sac of normal captive Brown kiwi chicks (Apteryx mantelli) vary with age.. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 64. 5. (pp. 945-956).
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/vru.13280
dc.identifier.eissn1740-8261
dc.identifier.elements-typejournal-article
dc.identifier.issn1058-8183
dc.identifier.urihttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/71308
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherJohn Wiley and Sons, Inc.
dc.publisher.urihttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288233.2023.2267516
dc.relation.isPartOfVet Radiol Ultrasound
dc.rights(c) 2023 The Author/s
dc.rightsCC BY-NC-ND 4.0
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectanatomy
dc.subjectavian
dc.subjectcoelom
dc.subjectregression
dc.subjectultrasound
dc.subjectAnimals
dc.subjectYolk Sac
dc.subjectProspective Studies
dc.subjectPhysical Examination
dc.titleUltrasonographic features of the regressing yolk sac of normal captive Brown kiwi chicks (Apteryx mantelli) vary with age.
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.elements-id479922
pubs.organisational-groupOther
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