Browsing by Author "Samuelsson LM"

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    Differences in small intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of raw bovine, caprine, and ovine milk are explained by gastric amino acid retention in piglets as an infant model
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-09-04) Ahlborn NG; Montoya CA; Roy D; Roy NC; Stroebinger N; Ye A; Samuelsson LM; Moughan PJ; McNabb WC; Gallier S
    BACKGROUND: The rate of stomach emptying of milk from different ruminant species differs, suggesting that the small intestinal digestibility of nutrients could also differ across these milk types. OBJECTIVE: To determine the small intestinal amino acid (AA) digestibility of raw bovine, caprine, and ovine milk in the piglet as an animal model for the infant. METHODS: Seven-day-old piglets (n = 12) consumed either bovine, caprine, or ovine milk diets for 15 days (n = 4 piglets/milk). On day 15, fasted piglets received a single meal of fresh raw milk normalized for protein content and containing the indigestible marker titanium dioxide. Entire gastrointestinal tract contents were collected at 210 min postprandially. Apparent AA digestibility (disappearance) in different regions of the small intestine was determined. RESULTS: On average, 35% of the dietary AAs were apparently taken up in the small intestine during the first 210 min post-feeding, with 67% of the AA digestibility occurring in the first quarter (p ≤ 0.05) and 33% in the subsequent two quarters. Overall, except for isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, the small intestinal apparent digestibility of all AAs at 210 min postprandially in piglets fed ovine milk was, on average, 29% higher (p ≤ 0.05) than for those fed bovine milk. Except for lysine, there was no difference in the apparent digestibility (p > 0.05) of any AAs between piglets fed caprine milk or ovine milk. The apparent digestibility of alanine was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in piglets fed caprine milk than those fed bovine milk. When apparent digestibility was corrected for gastric AA retention, only small differences in the small intestinal apparent digestibility of AAs were observed across milk types. CONCLUSION: Bovine, caprine and ovine milk had different apparent small intestinal AA digestibility at 210 min postprandially. When corrected for gastric AA retention, the differences in apparent digestibility across species largely disappeared. The apparent AA digestibility differed across small intestinal locations.
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    Heat treatment and homogenization of bovine milk loosened gastric curd structure and increased gastric emptying in growing pigs
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2023-04) Ahlborn NG; Montoya CA; Hodgkinson SM; Dave A; Ye A; Samuelsson LM; Roy NC; McNabb WC
    During gastric digestion, bovine milk forms a curd, which consists largely of proteins and lipids. However, it is unknown how processing-induced changes to curd structure affects the gastric emptying of milk proteins and lipids. This study aimed to determine the impact of heat treatment and homogenization on gastric curd formation, and gastric emptying of dry matter (DM), proteins and lipids from bovine milk fed to pigs as a human model. Growing pigs (n = 180, mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) bodyweight 22.4 ± 0.13 kg) consumed raw, or pasteurized non-homogenized (PNH), or pasteurized homogenized (PH), or ultra-high temperature treated homogenized (UHT) milk diets. A protein-lipid-free lactose (PLFL) solution was also fed as a test diet. At 0, 20, 60, 120, 180 and 300 min postprandially the entire gastrointestinal tract was dissected out. The gastric chyme (curd and liquid) fractions were collected after separation using a mesh screen. The DM, protein, and lipid contents of these fractions were quantified. Confocal, transmission electron microscopy, cryo-scanning electron microscopy and rheological analyses were conducted to determine the micro- and macrostructure of the curd. Overall, both heat treatment and homogenization influenced the in vivo gastric curd structure formed of bovine milk, although to different extents. The gastric emptying of DM, proteins, and lipids increased with the extent of processing. Gastric emptying rates of DM and proteins followed the pattern UHT > PH > PNH = raw, while emptying rates of lipid also differed between PNH and raw milk. Curd structure was the main gastric parameter affected in PNH milk.
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    In Vitro Fermentation of Sheep and Cow Milk Using Infant Fecal Bacteria
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2020-06-17) Ahlborn N; Young W; Mullaney J; Samuelsson LM
    While human milk is the optimal food for infants, formulas that contain ruminant milk can have an important role where breastfeeding is not possible. In this regard, cow milk is most commonly used. However, recent years have brought interest in other ruminant milk. While many similarities exist between ruminant milk, there are likely enough compositional differences to promote different effects in the infant. This may include effects on different bacteria in the large bowel, leading to different metabolites in the gut. In this study sheep and cow milk were digested using an in vitro infant digestive model, followed by fecal fermentation using cultures inoculated with fecal material from two infants of one month and five months of age. The effects of the cow and sheep milk on the fecal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and other metabolites were investigated. Significant differences in microbial, SCFA, and metabolite composition were observed between fermentation of sheep and cow milk using fecal inoculum from a one-month-old infant, but comparatively minimal differences using fecal inoculum from a five-month-old infant. These results show that sheep milk and cow milk can have differential effects on the gut microbiota, while demonstrating the individuality of the gut microbiome.