Massey Research Online - Browsing by Author "Kongara K"

Browsing by Author "Kongara K"

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Comparison of electroencephalographic changes in response to acute electrical and thermal stimuli with the tail flick and hot plate test in rats administered with opiorphin
(BioMed Central Ltd, 19/04/2018) Singh P; Kongara K; Harding D; Ward N; Dukkipati VSR; Johnson C; Chambers P
Background The objective of this study was to compare the changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in response to noxious stimuli with tail flick and hot plate responses of rats administered opiorphin. Methods Female Sprague -Dawley rats (n = 8 per group) randomly received intravenous (IV) injection of morphine (1 mg/kg,) or opiorphin (2 mg/kg,) or saline (0.5 ml,) in each of the three testing methods (EEG, tail flick and hot plate). Each type of test (n = 24 per test) was conducted in different population of rats on separate occasions. The tail flick and hot plate latencies were recorded until 5 min after test drug administration to conscious rats. The EEG was recorded in anaesthetised rats subjected to noxious thermal and electrical stimuli after test drug administration. At the end of 5 min in each of the testing methods rats were administered naloxone subcutaneously (SC) (1 mg/kg) and the test procedure was repeated. Results There was no significant increase in the median frequency and spectral edge frequency (F50 & F95) of EEG, indicators of nociception, of morphine and opiorphin groups after noxious stimulation. Noxious stimuli caused a significant increase in both F50 and F95 of the saline group. An injection of naloxone significantly increased the F50, thus blocking the action of both opiorphin and morphine. There was a significant increase in the tail flick latency after administration of opiorphin and morphine as compared to the baseline values. Rats of morphine group spent significantly longer on the hot plate when compared to those of the opiorphin and saline groups. There was no significant difference in the hot plate latencies of opiorphin and saline groups. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the analgesic effect of opiorphin occurs at the spinal level and it is not as effective as morphine at supraspinal level. It may be due to rapid degradation of opiorphin or limited ability of opiorphin to cross the blood brain barrier or a higher dose of opiorphin is required for its action in the brain. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics studies along with in vivo penetration of opiorphin in the cerebrospinal fluid are required for further evaluation of opiorphin analgesia.
Euthanasia of dogs and cats by veterinarians in New Zealand: protocols, procedures and experiences.
(Taylor and Francis Group, 2023-04-25) Gates MC; Kells NJ; Kongara K; Littlewood KE
AIMS: To collect data on protocols used by New Zealand veterinarians to perform euthanasia of dogs and cats, and to explore opinions towards the training they received in euthanasia during veterinary school. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered to all veterinarians registered with the Veterinary Council of New Zealand. The survey asked respondents about their practices' policies for euthanasia; protocols for performing euthanasia of dogs and cats; opinions towards euthanasia training received in veterinary school; and subsequent experiences with euthanasia in practice. Descriptive statistics were provided for all quantitative study variables and thematic analysis was performed on the free-text comments. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 361/1,448 (24.9%) veterinarians in companion or mixed animal practice. The mean numbers of dogs and cats euthanised each month were 7.2 (median 5; min 0; max 60) and 7.9 (median 5; min 0; max 60), respectively. Fewer than half of respondents reported that their clinic had a standard protocol for euthanising dogs (147/361; 40.7%) or cats (157/361; 43.5%). For euthanasia of dogs, 119/361 (32.9%) always used sedation while 71/361 (19.7%) indicated that they would not use sedation. For euthanasia of cats, 170/361 (47.1%) always used sedation while 53/361 (14.7%) indicated that they would not use sedation. Placement of IV catheters, methods for patient restraint, preferences towards the presence of owners during euthanasia, services provided with euthanasia, and discussions with owners were also highly variable and handled case-by-case depending on the client, patient, and clinical scenario. When asked about the euthanasia training received at veterinary school, it was generally ranked as below satisfactory, with approximately one-third of respondents indicating that they received no training in dealing with emotional clients (113/361; 31.3%), sedation protocols for euthanasia (107/361; 29.6%), or managing compassion fatigue (132/361; 36.6%). Most respondents (268/361; 74.2%) received no formal training in euthanasia after graduation and learned from experience or discussions with colleagues. Providing animals and owners with a good experience during the euthanasia process was highlighted as important for managing compassion fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Euthanasia is a common procedure in companion animal practice and there is considerable variation in how veterinarians approach both the technical and non-technical elements. Training provided during veterinary school was generally considered below satisfactory, particularly regarding managing compassion fatigue and clients' emotional needs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Providing veterinarians with additional training on adapting their euthanasia protocols to different clinical scenarios may improve the experience for patients, owners and veterinary staff.
Pain Assessment in Goat Kids: Focus on Disbudding
(MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland, 2023-12-11) Kongara K; Singh P; Venkatachalam D; Chambers JP
Farm animals are routinely subjected to painful husbandry procedures for various purposes. Goat kids are disbudded to improve goat welfare and to ensure safety of other livestock, farm personnel, attending veterinarians and for various other production and managemental procedures. Disbudding is commonly performed on dairy goat farms, in kids under 3 weeks of age. Many scientific studies reported physiological and behavioural changes indicating pain and distress following disbudding, and this can be a significant cause of welfare compromise in goat kids. Recognition and measurement of pain is important to treat and/or manage pain and distress following painful procedures. This review focuses on pain assessment in goat kids following disbudding, using both physiological and behavioural measures. As only a limited information is available on the topic of interest, relevant studies in other young farm animals have also been discussed to compare the status quo in goat kids.
Pain Mitigation Strategies for Disbudding in Goat Kids
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2024-02-07) Singh P; Venkatachalam D; Kongara K; Chambers P; Oliver M
Pain mitigation strategies for disbudding in goat kids have gained significant attention in recent years because of growing concerns for animal welfare. Disbudding, the removal of horn buds in young goats, is a common practice to enhance safety and manage herd dynamics. However, the procedure will cause pain and distress if not managed effectively. This review covers the array of pain mitigation techniques currently available for disbudding, including the efficacy of these strategies in reducing pain and stress during the disbudding process, with specific attention to the potential toxicity associated with local anesthetics. The current best practice for disbudding on the farm suggests sedation/analgesia with an alpha-2 agonist, the placement of a two-point cornual nerve block, and then an NSAID for postoperative pain. In conclusion, this review offers recommendations for future research directions aimed at enhancing the welfare of young goats subjected to the disbudding procedure. These suggestions hold the promise of fostering significant improvements in the overall well-being of these animals.
Pharmacokinetics and effect on renal function and average daily gain in lambs after castration and tail docking, of firocoxib and meloxicam.
(Taylor and Francis Group, 2023-07-16) Kongara K; Purchas G; Dukkipati V; Venkatachalam D; Ward N; Hunt H; Speed D
AIMS: To evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetics of IM and oral firocoxib, and IM meloxicam, and detect their effect on renal function and average daily gain (ADG) in lambs undergoing tail docking and castration. METHODS: Seventy-five male Romney lambs, aged 3-6 weeks, were randomised into five treatment groups (n = 15 per group): IM firocoxib (1 mg/kg); oral firocoxib (1 mg/kg); IM meloxicam (1 mg/kg); normal saline (approximately 2 mL, oral); or sham. Following the treatment administration, hot-iron tail docking and rubber ring castration were performed in all groups except the sham group, which did not undergo the procedures, but the animals were handled in the same manner as castrated and tail docked lambs. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after treatment administration, and drug concentrations in plasma were quantified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plasma urea and creatinine concentrations were determined at a commercial laboratory. Lamb body weights were recorded before and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after tail docking and castration. The pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using a non-compartmental approach. Between-group and between-time-point differences were compared using mixed model analyses. RESULTS: There was no evidence for a difference in plasma elimination half-life between firocoxib given IM (LSM 18.6 (SE 1.4) hours), firocoxib given orally (LSM 18.2 (SE 1.4) hours), and meloxicam given IM (LSM 17. 0 (SE 1.4) hours). Firocoxib (IM) had a significantly greater volume of distribution (LSM 3.7 (SE 0.2) L/kg) than IM meloxicam (LSM 0.2 (SE 0.2) L/kg). Lambs in the meloxicam group had higher (p < 0.05) plasma urea and creatinine concentrations than those in the firocoxib, saline and sham groups. Lambs' ADG was decreased (p < 0.01) compared to the other treatment groups in the 0-2 week period following meloxicam administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both formulations of firocoxib had a long plasma elimination half-life and large volume of distribution. There was a transient reduction in ADG in the meloxicam group, possibly due to mild renal toxicity. Comparative studies on dose-response effects of firocoxib and meloxicam in lambs following the procedures are required.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Butorphanol and Dexmedetomidine after Intranasal Administration in Broiler Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-04-25) Sha J; Kongara K; Singh P; Jacob A; Ponnampalam J; Guedes A
Butorphanol and dexmedetomidine (DXM) can produce analgesia in birds. Intranasal (IN) route of drug administration is easier, and free of risks such as pain and tissue damage compared with intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous routes in bird species, including wild birds. Although previous studies have demonstrated the use of IN route for producing sedation, no studies are available on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IN drugs in birds. This study analyzed the pharmacokinetics and sedative–analgesic efficacy of intranasal butorphanol (2 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (80 µg/kg) and their combination (butorphanol, 2 mg/kg; DXM, 80 µg/kg) in healthy, male, Ross broiler chickens (n = 6/group) aged between 6 and 8 weeks. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax, p = 0.01), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 120 min (AUC0 to 120, p = 0.02) and apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss, p = 0.02) of DXM were significantly higher than that of DXM co-administered with butorphanol. The mechanical nociceptive thresholds and the sedation scores of DXM group were significantly higher than the baseline value. Dexmedetomidine (80 µg/kg, IN) was effective in chickens, and the drug absorption was more rapid than that of DXM with butorphanol. However, the duration of action of DXM was short. Lower value of Cmax and nociceptive thresholds showed the nonsignificant efficacy of butorphanol at a dose of 2 mg/kg after IN administration in broiler chickens.
Pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and its metabolite articainic acid after subcutaneous administration in red deer (Cervus elaphus)
(Taylor & Francis, 23/10/2017) Venkatachalam D; Chambers JP; Kongara K; Singh P
AIM: To develop and validate a simple and sensitive method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for quantification of articaine, and its major metabolite articainic acid, in plasma of red deer (Cervus elaphus), and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid in red deer following S/C administration of articaine hydrochloride as a complete ring block around the antler pedicle. METHODS: The LC-MS method was validated by determining linearity, sensitivity, recovery, carry-over and repeatability. Articaine hydrochloride (40 mg/mL) was administered S/C to six healthy male red deer, at a dose of 1 mL/cm of pedicle circumference, as a complete ring block around the base of each antler. Blood samples were collected at various times over the following 12 hours. Concentrations in plasma of articaine and articainic acid were quantified using the validated LC-MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of articaine and articainic acid were estimated using non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS: Calibration curves were linear for both articaine and articainic acid. The limits of quantifications for articaine and articainic acid were 5 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. Extraction recoveries were >72% for articaine and >68% for articainic acid. After S/C administration as a ring block around the base of each antler, mean maximum concentrations in plasma (Cmax) of articaine were 1,013.9 (SD 510.1) ng/mL, detected at 0.17 (SD 0.00) hours, and the Cmax for articainic acid was 762.6 (SD 95.4) ng/mL at 0.50 (SD 0.00) hours. The elimination half-lives of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid were 1.12 (SD 0.17) and 0.90 (SD 0.07) hours, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The LC-MS method used for the quantification of articaine and its metabolite articainic acid in the plasma of red deer was simple, accurate and sensitive. Articaine hydrochloride was rapidly absorbed, hydrolysed to its inactive metabolite articainic acid, and eliminated following S/C administration as a ring block in red deer. These favourable pharmacokinetic properties suggest that articaine hydrochloride should be tested for efficacy as a local anaesthetic in red deer for removal of velvet antlers. Further studies to evaluate the safety and residues of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid are required before articaine can be recommended for use as a local anaesthetic for this purpose.
The Determination of the Minimum Anaesthetic Concentration of Halothane in the Rock Dove (Columba livia) Using an Electrical Stimulus
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-03) Lehmann HS; Beausoleil NJ; Kongara K; Singh PM; Chambers JP; Musk GC; Johnson C; Jokimäki J
This study aims to determine the minimum anaesthetic concentration (MAC) of halothane in the Rock Dove using electrical stimulus. Seven Rock Doves are anaesthetised with halothane, and the MAC is determined using the bracketing method. An electrical stimulus (two single pulses and two five-second stimuli, all separated by five-second pauses; 30 Hz, 30 V, 7.5 ms) is applied to the legs via subcutaneous electrodes. A maximum of eight periods of electrical stimulation, each with a preceding 15 min stable phase, is applied to each bird. If the non-reflexive movement occurred following stimulation, the end-tidal halothane (Fe’Hal) is increased by 10% before the next stimulus delivery. If no movement occurred, Fe’Hal is decreased by 10%. The MAC is the average of the highest concentration that allowed movement and the lowest that prevented movement. Physiological variables and ventilatory settings are recorded every five minutes. The current delivered is calculated offline. The mean ± SD MAC of halothane is 1.62 ± 0.29%, calculated from five birds. During the entire anaesthesia, all birds had cardiac arrhythmias —with three having sporadic recurrent periods of prolonged ventricular standstill followed by marked sinus tachycardia. The mean recorded voltage and calculated current and resistance are 27.6 ± 2.7 V, 20.3 ± 7.3 mAmp and 1.6 ± 0.9 kΩ, respectively. The advantage of halothane for prolonged anaesthesia in Rock Doves may be limited when noxious stimulation is used, due to the development of severe ventricular arrhythmias.
The Effect of Different Concentrations of Halothane Anaesthesia on the Electroencephalograph of Rock Doves (Columba livia)
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-06-08) Lehmann HS; Beausoleil NJ; Kongara K; Singh PM; Musk GC; Johnson CB; Jokimäki J
Anaesthetic agents and doses used can significantly impact cerebrocortical responsiveness as assessed by electroencephalography (EEG). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different halothane concentrations on the EEG of Rock Doves using measures of frequency distribution and burst suppression. Eight healthy Rock Doves (Columba livia) were anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen, their tracheas intubated and their lungs mechanically ventilated. Five minutes of EEG were recorded at three multiples of minimum anaesthetic concentration (MAC), 1× MAC (1.6%), 1.5× MAC (2.4%) and 2× MAC (3.2%), presented in ascending then descending order. Fast Fourier transformation of the raw EEG record gave the median frequency (F50), spectral edge frequency (F95) and the total power (Ptot). Burst suppression, expressed as inactive compared to active EEG (%), was calculated on a representative two-minute section of the raw EEG. Data were analysed using repeated-measures one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc correction for comparison of 1×, 1.5× and 2× MAC. Three of eight birds demonstrated negligible (<1%) burst suppression. No effect of halothane concentration on burst suppression incidence was seen. A significant decrease in all measured frequency variables (F50, p = 0.04; F95 p = 0.02; Ptot p < 0.0001) occurred between 1× and 2× MAC. Halothane anaesthesia at MAC multiples of 1×, 1.5× and 2× in the Rock Dove can be considered suitable where cortical responsiveness is desired.
Toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies of lidocaine and its active metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, in goat kids
(MDPI, 2018-08) Venkatachalam D; Chambers P; Kongara K; Singh P
This study determined the convulsant plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters following cornual nerve block and compared the results to recommend a safe dose of lidocaine hydrochloride for goat kids. The plasma concentrations of lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MGX) were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total dose of 7 mg/kg body weight (BW) was tolerated and should therefore be safe for local and regional anesthesia in goat kids. The mean plasma concentration and mean total dose that produced convulsions in goat kids were 13.59 ± 2.34 µg/mL and 12.31 ± 1.42 mg/kg BW (mean ± S.D.), respectively. The absorption of lidocaine following subcutaneous administration was rapid with Cmax and Tmax of 2.12 ± 0.81 µg/mL and 0.33 ± 0.11 h, respectively. The elimination half-lives (t½λz) of lidocaine hydrochloride and MGX were 1.71 ± 0.51 h and 3.19 ± 1.21 h, respectively. Injection of 1% lidocaine hydrochloride (0.5 mL/site) was safe and effective in blocking the nerves supplying horn buds in goat kids.

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