Massey Research Online - Browsing by Author "Carr S"

Browsing by Author "Carr S"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5

A call for further action in reply to Rose and colleagues (2020)
(2020-08-18) Hodgetts D; Van Ommen C; Blake D; Hopner V; Rua M; Groot S; Carr S
Rose and colleagues are prominent scholars who have brought insights from across the social and health sciences to promote a compelling case for significant action to address inequalities in both physical and mental health. Below, we offer further points of support, critique and clarification in the spirit of co-operation, which appears to be central to the agenda of Rose and colleagues. The open letter is particularly useful in drawing renewed attention to how necessary it is to remind decision-makers of the need for structural changes to ensure equity in health for all. Many of the key arguments posed in the letter have also been evident in emergency management and community psychology literatures for some time. These literatures document how adverse socio-economic conditions often worsen outcomes from natural and person-centered disasters, particularly for people who already endure vulnerabilities (Luna, 2009; Tierney, 2019; Wisner et al., 2004; Blake et al., 2017)1-4. As is the case with other disasters, socio-political situatedness in terms of poverty, insecure work, discrimination and marginalization, and poor housing are influencing peoples’ psychological, physical, cultural and spiritual reactions to COVID-19. Therefore, it is vital to contest the unjust, social structures that perpetuate and exaggerate such adverse conditions, and champion for fairer and just solutions. We can do so by drawing on existing resources, such as the Sendai framework that offer responses to inequalities in outcomes following disasters. Such frameworks offer pathways of action to address urgent and critical responses to protect livelihoods, health and ecosystems for everyone (United Nations, 2015)5. We agree that many of the well-publicized predictions of a ‘tsunami’ of mental health concerns stemming from the present pandemic may well be overstated. Rose and colleagues rightfully assert that, regardless, it is important to address issues around resourcing and community development, and to stretch our collective efforts towards socio-economic transformations. It is also necessary to note that, due to ongoing inequities and a lack of adequate response to the consequences of everyday injustices (poverty and discrimination), mental illness is already endemic in many countries. Systems of response also need to be re-designed to address the inverse care law (Hart, 1971)6 whereby people who need care the least consume the most. Conversely, people who need care the most, access the least. Increases in service access proposed by Rose and colleagues are urgent. It is important to put initiatives in place to help people in distress to cope by enhancing early intervention and peer-support systems. Training more mental health professionals to meet the existing complex needs of diverse communities is crucially important. Our concern with an emphasis on therapeutic training and interventions that predominantly target individuals in distress is not to question its effectiveness in addressing certain difficulties such as trauma, anxiety and low mood. Nor is the only challenge the limited reach (i.e., the number of people that can be assisted) of this strategy and issues of scalability. Our concern relates to how such responses are predominately ameliorative, rather than preventative in orientation. Responses to wide-scale human suffering that only focus on therapeutic interventions should be treated with suspicion as often conservative, bureaucratic, and as a failure of political imagination. The fixation on therapeutic responses can act as an ‘action distraction’, which contributes to a fixation on responses to reduce suffering within individuals. This can result in the pacification and obscuring of calls for wider reaching efforts to promote community level wellness, and to prevent mental ill-health through preventive macro structural changes. To address health inequities and differentials across persons and population groups, we must also address the structural inequities that drive ill-health. We need to look further ‘upstream’ and prevent people from becoming ill (Hodgetts & Stolte, 2017)7. Increased access to therapeutic interventions needs to be positioned overtly as part of larger strategies towards systemic change. We applaud Rose and colleagues for also raising the need for a broader change agenda. As Rose and colleagues also propose, redistributive policies and practices are important in addressing issues of inequity and health inequalities. In doing so, these authors adopt a well-worn population health position that is enshrined in many nation states within graduated taxation and cash transfer systems. We would add that, the levels of inequity that many communities now face, despite the existence of such redistributive initiatives, suggests the need to consider other more radical strategies for change. After all, it is in historical moments like the present that it becomes more possible to seize the initiative and to consider rebooting the whole socio-economic system (neoliberalism), which is driving inequities in life chances and health. In this context, increases in redistributive policies can be re-imagined as ‘stopgap measures’ that are useful whilst we formulate more sustainable and transformative systems for ensuring equity, social justice and health for all. This requires us to ask if, for example, now is the time for jubilee? Is now the time to introduce policies such as universal basic incomes, maximum wage settings, and resource co-ownership models? Should the ancient concept of the commons (shared resources that are available to humanity) be embraced as a central principle for a more just economic system (Standing, 2019)8? What we are signaling here is the need to be even bolder and to broaden the conversation regarding how to relieve people from debt servitude and ensure nobody has to subject themselves to often abusive and dehumanizing penal welfare and social service systems (Hodgetts & Stolte, 2017)7. Such structural transformations may actually reduce the need for therapists and such expensive service systems. We should be asking more questions to which we do not have perfect answers. One avenue for addressing discrimination in the health, penal welfare and social services nexus in many nation states is to disassemble these systems and to provide the resources they consume directly to people in need. If people are resourced to govern their own affairs collectively, the chances of their flourishing alongside others are increased. This line of reasoning speaks to issues of self-determination and is a feature of calls from indigenous groups, in particular, to (re)gain guardianship over the resources that have been taken from them. Additionally, in addressing issues of inequality and discrimination in present systems, it is important to not limit our historical gaze. For example, Rose and colleagues assert that economic supports have been stripped away over the last decade. We agree, and would also foreground the impacts of longer time scales of dispossession and inequality that have set the stage for injustices in many nation states today. The present crises in many countries have been shaped by Neoliberalism over the past 40 years. These crises are also the products of historical processes of colonization/imperialism that continue to negatively impact minoritized communities. Relatedly, responses called for by Rose and colleagues will need to be reformulated in context specific ways. What is appropriate for the United Kingdom in addressing issues of diversity may not necessarily be appropriate in contexts such as Aotearoa New Zealand. In our context, the English version of the Treaty of Waitangi [1] (signed in 1840 by the British Crown and Māori leaders) set the stage for the dispossession of land, resources, power and cultural practices from Māori. Subsequent exploitation by the Crown has resulted in ongoing structural inequities. As such, systemic changes will need to include the enactment of genuine Treaty of Waitangi principles that are not exploitative and extractive. This could mean that, for example, iwi (tribes) exercise guardianship over the provision of health, social and education services for their members, and for other people residing within their tribal boundaries. This would likely result in a refocusing of initiatives away from short-term economic returns and towards a longer-term, inclusive and equitable strategic focus. For instance, Māori often operate from the position of intergenerational planning, capacities and relationships whereby certain decision-making roles are assigned to kaumatua (elders) as wisdom holders, alongside often middle aged "executive leaders" (enactors) who are supported by rangatahi (youth), and inspired by pēpi (infants). More broadly, such transformations are about honouring localised treaties and embracing indigenous rights and knowledges through enactments of generational change strategies designed to achieve healthy futures for all. We are surprised that the open letter appears to take on a somewhat executive tone and does not feature the language of collaboration as much as we feel is warranted. From our perspective, achieving effective change requires us to look out beyond our own expertise, models and journals. Recognising the socio-political situatedness of people’s lives and who gets to have a voice in decision-making processes is particularly crucial during and after disasters. Rasche (2018)9 reminds us that the social location and expertise of speakers often brings about possibilities to become an authority on other peoples’ situations. It is important that we engage directly with people who are adversely affected by the structures and issues to which we are trying to find effect responses. Policies and systems that are co-designed with the people being targeted tend to be more effective. To work effectively with others, it is also important we decentre our own ‘expert’ voices in order to hear the voices of others who have gained phronetic wisdom from having to carry the weight of adversity. Part of our shared change agenda must be to address inequities regarding who gets to be central to conversations and initiatives for change, and whose knowledge is valued and heard in these processes. We cannot leave the formulation and implementation of change strategies to the usual suspects. We are sure Rose and colleagues would agree that there are considerable sensitivities in considering efforts to work in partnership across dominant and marginalized communities. In the process, it is important to avoid falling into the trap of using labels that collapse diverse communities together as the ‘others’ (Fakim & Macaulay, 2020)10. For example, the BAME acronym used by Rose and colleagues is considered highly problematic by many members of the diverse groups that are supposedly ‘encapsulated’ in this term. For many, BAME is a distancing, cold and administrative ‘white term’. It homogenises and simplifies the heterogeneity of the intertwined histories of adversity that are experienced in varying ways by diverse groups of people. Such terms also act as apolitical euphemisms for historically politicised and reclaimed notions, such as Black, queer and indigenous. A key message in our response is that what we need to advocate collectively is not only more equitable access to mental health and community services, but also access to justice, sustainable incomes, adequate housing, good food, and supportive and violence-free relationships. As Rose and colleagues note, we need to ‘build back better’. This requires us to unpack whose notion of ‘better’ is being advocated. Who gets to decide what we mean by the creation of societies that are more equitable and offer fairer access to resources, so as those necessary to promote and sustain human flourishing. We were surprised that in asserting the need to build back better, Rose and colleagues did not refer to existing global structures that offer avenues for negotiating and enacting shared visions for humanity and wellness. There is an opportunity to link our efforts in with the 17 interwoven United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Widely consulted and signed-up to by stakeholder groups from almost 200 United Nations, the SDGs have been in effect since 2016 and will run till 2030. Directly relevant to our present dialogue, psychologists specifically fought to have mental health included in this global development agenda, under SDG-3. Of the remaining 16 SDGs, particularly important are SDG-17 (Partnerships for development whereby those targeted are positioned centrally in the formulation, design and implementation of change processes) and SDG-8 (Decent Work for all, which includes access to Sustainable Livelihoods and Wellbeing at Work). In advocating for change it is important to avoid re-inventing the wheel. As imperfect as they are, the 17 SDGs offer a platform for change on a global scale and in ways that preserve our geographical specificities. The wider point of these goals, and other structures like the Global Compact and the Sendai Framework, is that they offer accountability structures that can help determine the distribution of resources and opportunities for action within and across nation states. These initiatives can be harnessed to help us redress structural inequities, injustices, exclusions and violations of Human Rights. We would like to thank Wellcome Open Research for providing this opportunity to respond to the seminal open letter by Rose and colleagues.
How Decent Wages Transform Qualities of Living – By Affording Escape from Working Poverty Traps
(Hapres Co Ltd, 2021-03-31) Carr S; Young-Hauser A; Hodgetts D; Schmidt W; Moran L; Haar J; Parker J; Arrowsmith J; Jones H; Alefaio-Tugia S
Research in this journal has suggested that job satisfaction and other job attitudes in New Zealand undergo a quantitative shift upwards once wages cross a pivotal wage range. However, the focus did not extend to actual changes in qualities of living beyond work. A fresh analysis of additional qualitative responses to the question, “How well does your wage work for you?”, from the same survey of N = 1011 low-income workers across New Zealand, content-analysed diverse qualities of living along a wage spectrum from Minimum to Living Wage, crossed with household income net of own pay (using median wage as a splitting factor). Converging with the quantitative research reported earlier, there was a reliable pivot range upwards in qualities of living as wages first rose from Minimum Wage, to become transformational after crossing the Living Wage value. This transformational effect of a Living Wage was most clearly pivotal when there was no buffer from any other incomes in the same household. A further, more idiographic analysis of case “outliers” from the wage-wellbeing curve (lower wage-higher satisfaction, plus higher wage-lower satisfaction) revealed additional contextual factors that moderated and mediated qualities of living. Examples included acute sense of a workplace injustice and reduced mental wellbeing. Such factors further inform the ILO’s and UN’s 2016–30 Decent Work Agenda, which includes justice and wellbeing at work.
New constructs for the prediction of self-initiated international mobility: An exploratory study
(Cambridge University Press, 2013) Thorn K; Inkson K; Carr S
This study aims to explore relationships between the motives for international mobility and observed mobility patterns. The key motives of 2,608 skilled expatriate New Zealanders were identiﬁed as cultural and travel opportunities, career, economics, affiliations, political environment, and quality-of-life. Mobility patterns, described here as the frequency, duration and cessation of mobility and the nature of the destination in terms of development level and cultural distance, were investigated. Desire for cultural and travel opportunities was the dominant motive, and the best predictor of cessation of mobility and development level of the destination. Career motives predicted duration of mobility and cultural difference of the destination. Linking motivation and actual mobility is a novel contribution to the theorisation of self-initiated mobility. Countries and organisations that understand this linkage may ultimately gain competitive advantage.
Sustainable Careers within Greening Economies
(Australian Council for Educational Research for SAGE Publications, 2024-10-08) Hopner V; Carr S; Wloch J
Sustainable Livelihoods are more adaptable than precarious jobs, for career development through Decent Work. An essential element for Career Sustainability is Climate action, that includes Just Transitions from carbon-intensive to carbon-neutral or regenerative work. This paper analyses a municipal transition from coal-mining to a more carbon-neutral, city economy, which has foregrounded just transition for miners, and improved the wider ecosystem. The Polish city of Katowice in Poland illustrates how work and career structures, in this case municipal, can work for people in everyday life and their future careers. The case may also serve as a lighthouse project for future just transitions, as part of sustainable career development, by greening economies and supporting access to decent work for all.
Tracing the international arrivals of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants after Aotearoa New Zealand reopened its border
(Springer Nature Limited, 2022-10-29) Douglas J; Winter D; McNeill A; Carr S; Bunce M; French N; Hadfield J; de Ligt J; Welch D; Geoghegan JL
In the second quarter of 2022, there was a global surge of emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineages that had a distinct growth advantage over then-dominant Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 lineages. By generating 10,403 Omicron genomes, we show that Aotearoa New Zealand observed an influx of these immune-evasive variants (BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5) through the border. This is explained by the return to significant levels of international travel following the border's reopening in March 2022. We estimate one Omicron transmission event from the border to the community for every ~5,000 passenger arrivals at the current levels of travel and restriction. Although most of these introductions did not instigate any detected onward transmission, a small minority triggered large outbreaks. Genomic surveillance at the border provides a lens on the rate at which new variants might gain a foothold and trigger new waves of infection.

Browsing by Author "Carr S"

Results Per Page

Sort Options