Browsing by Author "Breard ECP"

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    Characteristics and controls of the runout behaviour of non-Boussinesq particle-laden gravity currents – A large-scale experimental investigation of dilute pyroclastic density currents
    (Elsevier B.V., 2022-12-01) Brosch E; Lube G; Esposti-Ongaro T; Cerminara M; Breard ECP; Meiburg E
    One of the most dangerous aspects of explosive volcanism is the occurrence of dilute pyroclastic density currents that move at high velocities of tens to about a hundred of metres per second outwards from volcanic vents. Predicting the runout behaviour of these turbulent flows of hot particles and air is complicated by strong changes in the flow density resulting from entrainment of ambient air, sedimentation of particles, as well as heating and expansion of the gas phase. Current hazard models that are based on the behaviour of aqueous gravity currents cannot capture all aspects of the flow dynamics, and thus pyroclastic density current dynamics remain comparatively poorly understood. Here we interrogate the runout behaviour of dilute pyroclastic density currents in large-scale experiments using hot volcanic material and gas. We demonstrate that the flows transition through four dynamic regimes with distinct density and force characteristics. The first, inertial regime is characterized by strong deceleration under high density differences between the flow and ambient air where suspended particles carry a main proportion of the flows' momentum. When internal gravity waves start to propagate from the flow body into the advancing flow front, the currents transition into a second, inertia-buoyancy regime while flow density continues to decline. In this regime, subsequent arrivals of fast-moving internal gravity waves into the front replenish momentum and lead to sudden short-lived front accelerations. In the third regime, when the density ratio between flow and ambient air decreases closer to a value of unity, buoyancy forces become negligible, but pressure drag forces are large and constitute the main flow retarding force. In this inertia-pressure drag regime, internal gravity waves cease to reach the front. Finally, and with the density ratio decreasing below 1, the current transitions into a buoyantly rising thermal in regime 4. Unlike for aqueous gravity currents, the Froude number is not constant and viscous forces are negligible in these gas-particle gravity currents. We show that, in this situation, existing Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq gravity current models strongly underpredict the front velocity for most of the flow runout for at least half of the flow propagation. These results are not only important for hazard mitigation of pyroclastic density currents but are also relevant for other turbulent gas-particle gravity currents, such as powder snow avalanches and dust storms.
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    Destructiveness of pyroclastic surges controlled by turbulent fluctuations
    (Springer Nature Limited on behalf of Nature Portfolio, 2021-12-15) Brosch E; Lube G; Cerminara M; Esposti-Ongaro T; Breard ECP; Dufek J; Sovilla B; Fullard L
    Pyroclastic surges are lethal hazards from volcanoes that exhibit enormous destructiveness through dynamic pressures of 100–102 kPa inside flows capable of obliterating reinforced buildings. However, to date, there are no measurements inside these currents to quantify the dynamics of this important hazard process. Here we show, through large-scale experiments and the first field measurement of pressure inside pyroclastic surges, that dynamic pressure energy is mostly carried by large-scale coherent turbulent structures and gravity waves. These perpetuate as low-frequency high-pressure pulses downcurrent, form maxima in the flow energy spectra and drive a turbulent energy cascade. The pressure maxima exceed mean values, which are traditionally estimated for hazard assessments, manifold. The frequency of the most energetic coherent turbulent structures is bounded by a critical Strouhal number of ~0.3, allowing quantitative predictions. This explains the destructiveness of real-world flows through the development of c. 1–20 successive high-pressure pulses per minute. This discovery, which is also applicable to powder snow avalanches, necessitates a re-evaluation of hazard models that aim to forecast and mitigate volcanic hazard impacts globally.
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    Synthesizing large-scale pyroclastic flows: Experimental design, scaling, and first results from PELE
    (AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 1/03/2015) Lube G; Breard ECP; Cronin SJ; Jones J
    Pyroclastic flow eruption large-scale experiment (PELE) is a large-scale facility for experimental studies of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). It is used to generate high-energy currents involving 500-6500 m3 natural volcanic material and air that achieve velocities of 7-30 m s-1, flow thicknesses of 2-4.5 m, and runouts of >35 m. The experimental PDCs are synthesized by a controlled "eruption column collapse" of ash-lapilli suspensions onto an instrumented channel. The first set of experiments are documented here and used to elucidate the main flow regimes that influence PDC dynamic structure. Four phases are identified: (1) mixture acceleration during eruption column collapse, (2) column-slope impact, (3) PDC generation, and (4) ash cloud diffusion. The currents produced are fully turbulent flows and scale well to natural PDCs including small to large scales of turbulent transport. PELE is capable of generating short, pulsed, and sustained currents over periods of several tens of seconds, and dilute surge-like PDCs through to highly concentrated pyroclastic flow-like currents. The surge-like variants develop a basal <0.05 m thick regime of saltating/rolling particles and shifting sand waves, capped by a 2.5-4.5 m thick, turbulent suspension that grades upward to lower particle concentrations. Resulting deposits include stratified dunes, wavy and planar laminated beds, and thin ash cloud fall layers. Concentrated currents segregate into a dense basal underflow of <0.6 m thickness that remains aerated. This is capped by an upper ash cloud surge (1.5-3 m thick) with 100 to 10-4 vol % particles. Their deposits include stratified, massive, normally and reversely graded beds, lobate fronts, and laterally extensive veneer facies beyond channel margins.